How Many Hours Can a 13-Year-Old Work? A Parent’s Guide to Child Labor Laws and Opportunities

In today’s digital age, more 13-year-olds are exploring ways to earn money, gain skills, and build responsibility through work. Whether it’s babysitting, lawn mowing, helping at a family business, or working part-time at a local store, young teens are increasingly interested in contributing financially and developing independence. But with growing interest comes a crucial question parents and teens alike must answer: How many hours can a 13-year-old work?

Understanding the legal boundaries and opportunities available to young teens is essential for ensuring safety, compliance with the law, and a healthy balance between work, school, and personal growth. This comprehensive guide breaks down federal and state child labor laws, outlines acceptable jobs for 13-year-olds, and offers insights into how teens can work legally—without jeopardizing their education or childhood.

Understanding U.S. Child Labor Laws for 13-Year-Olds

Before diving into specific work limits, it’s important to understand the legal framework governing youth employment in the United States. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), overseen by the U.S. Department of Labor, establishes the federal regulations for child labor. While some state laws may be stricter, the FLSA sets the baseline for minimum age requirements, permissible jobs, and work hour restrictions.

Federal Restrictions: Can a 13-Year-Old Work at 13?

Legally, under the FLSA, children under the age of 14 are generally not allowed to work in non-agricultural jobs. However, there are several notable exceptions:

• Delivering newspapers – Youth of any age may deliver newspapers.
• Acting and performing – Work in theatrical, TV, or film productions is allowed with proper permits.
• Family businesses – A 13-year-old may work in a business wholly owned and operated by their parents, with some restrictions.
• Child labor in agriculture – Looser rules apply to farm work, though safety remains a priority.

This means that for most traditional jobs—like retail, food service, or office work—a 13-year-old cannot be legally hired in a formal employment setting. However, they can engage in informal, permissible forms of work under specific conditions.

Permissible Work Activities for 13-Year-Olds

While many 13-year-olds are eager to earn money, the type of work matters as much as the hours. The U.S. Department of Labor prohibits minors under 14 from performing hazardous jobs, operating machinery, or working in environments deemed unsafe. But there are plenty of safe, productive roles a 13-year-old can take on.

Acceptable Jobs and Side Gigs

Even within strict regulations, 13-year-olds have several options to earn money and gain work experience:

• Babysitting: One of the most common jobs for early teens. While not regulated by federal law, it’s wise to complete a babysitting safety course.
• Pet sitting and dog walking: Popular in suburban neighborhoods and growing in online popularity.
• Yard work and landscaping: Mowing lawns, raking leaves, and weeding don’t require employment contracts.
• Tutoring younger students: If the teen excels in certain subjects, tutoring is a great way to earn while helping others.
• Running errands or helping neighbors: Grocery shopping, house-sitting, or yard clean-up for elderly or busy neighbors.
• Starting a small business: From lemonade stands to crafting handmade items, entrepreneurship is encouraged—with parental oversight.

These activities fall outside formal employment and don’t trigger federal child labor restrictions, as long as they’re not hazardous, and do not interfere with school attendance.

How Many Hours Can a 13-Year-Old Work Legally?

Although the FLSA restricts formal employment for 13-year-olds, understanding time limits is still vital—especially for permissible informal work. There is no federal limit on the number of hours a 13-year-old can engage in non-covered work (like babysitting, pet sitting, or helping around a family business). However, state laws and local regulations may impose limits, particularly during the school year.

School Days vs. Non-School Days

While federal law doesn’t define a specific number of hours for under-14 workers in permitted jobs, safety and education take precedence. For 13-year-olds attending school:

• Work should never interfere with school attendance, performance, or rest.
• Experts recommend limiting work to no more than 10–12 hours per week during the school year to avoid academic or emotional burnout.
• On non-school days (weekends, holidays, or summer break), workloads can increase slightly, but teens should still have time for family, hobbies, and downtime.

Consider the following example of a balanced weekly schedule for a 13-year-old:

This sample schedule shows how a balanced routine can incorporate part-time responsibilities without overwhelming the child.

Time Restrictions in Specific States

While federal law governs most labor standards, some states impose additional rules. Here are a few examples:

• California: Does not permit formal employment for 13-year-olds, but allows non-school-related work (e.g., babysitting). However, a work permit is generally not issued until age 14.
• New York: Children under 14 may not work in most industries, but exceptions include newspaper delivery, theater, or work in a family-owned business. Hours are unrestricted but monitored for safety.
• Texas: Permits work in family businesses but prohibits most outside employment for 13-year-olds. No formal hour limits, but parental oversight is required.
• Illinois: While employment under 14 is rare, youths can work in family businesses or approved entertainment roles, with hours left to parental discretion.

Always consult your state’s labor department for the most accurate and up-to-date regulations.

When Can a 13-Year-Old Start Formal Employment?

For those aspiring to more structured jobs, the answer lies in turning 14. Under federal law, children as young as 14 can work in non-hazardous jobs, but with strict hour limitations designed to protect their health and education.

Work Hour Limits for 14- and 15-Year-Olds

Once a teen turns 14, they become eligible for formal employment under the FLSA. However, the law limits hours based on whether school is in session:

Additionally:
– Work hours must be between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m. during the school year.
– The window expands to 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. during summer months (June 1 to Labor Day).
– No work is permitted during school hours unless part of a work-study program.

These limits apply to all non-agricultural jobs, including retail, fast food, office assistance, and entertainment roles.

Jobs Available at Age 14 and 15

Common jobs for 14- and 15-year-olds include:
– Cashier or counter attendant at convenience stores or restaurants.
– Host or busser at family-friendly dining establishments.
– Grocery store bagger or cart collector.
– Retail stock clerk or sales assistant (with restrictions).
– Office assistant (simple tasks like filing or scanning).
– Amusement park attendant or junior lifeguard (in some areas).

These roles must be documented with official hiring processes, including W-4 and I-9 forms, and typically require work permits or age certification documents.

Working in a Family Business: Special Rules

One of the most flexible pathways for 13-year-olds to work is within a family-owned business. The FLSA allows children under 14 to assist in businesses run by their parents—provided they are completely owned and operated by the parents (spouses, but not siblings).

Safety and Responsibility Guidelines

Even in family businesses, certain jobs are still off-limits due to safety concerns. Prohibited tasks include:
– Operating power-driven machinery (e.g., meat slicers, commercial ovens).
– Working in construction or manufacturing.
– Handling hazardous materials.

Permissible roles may involve:
– Organizing shelves.
– Answering phones.
– Stocking inventory.
– Simple bookkeeping or greeting customers.

Even in a family business, the youth’s safety and well-being remain a top priority.

The Benefits of Early Work Experience

While there are limits to what a 13-year-old can legally do, the value of early work experiences cannot be understated.

Building Responsibility and Financial Literacy

Earning their own money teaches teens critical life skills:
– Time management: Balancing work, school, and rest.
– Money management: Learning to save, budget, and spend wisely.
– Work ethic: Understanding punctuality, accountability, and client interactions.

Gaining Real-World Skills

Even informal work introduces valuable skills such as:
– Customer service in dog walking or babysitting.
– Entrepreneurship from running a lemonade stand or selling crafts.
– Communication and problem-solving during tutoring or errand work.

These experiences lay the foundation for future job applications, résumés, and college admissions.

Parental Oversight and Legal Compliance

Parents play a crucial role in guiding their children through legal and safe work experiences. Here are key steps to take:

1. Understand State and Federal Laws

Research your state’s child labor regulations and consult the U.S. Department of Labor website. Ignorance of the law is not a legal excuse.

2. Document Informal Work

Even babysitting or lawn mowing can be documented through simple contracts outlining hours, pay rate, and responsibilities. This teaches accountability and professionalism.

3. Monitor Workload and Well-being

Watch for signs of fatigue, decreased academic performance, or social withdrawal. A 13-year-old should never feel overwhelmed by work.

4. Encourage Taxes and Savings

If a teen earns significant income (over $13,850 in 2023), they may need to file a tax return. Even if not legally required, parents can guide their child in filing voluntarily or contributing to a youth savings account or Roth IRA.

Creative and Legal Ways for 13-Year-Olds to Earn Money

Eager to make money legally and safely? Here are six innovative ideas that comply with child labor laws:

1. Start a Home-Based Service Business: Offer lawn care, house-sitting, or handmade crafts at local farmers’ markets (with parental support).
2. Create Digital Content: Teens skilled in art or writing can design greeting cards, digital stickers, or write blogs—monetizing through platforms like Etsy or Patreon (with adult accounts).
3. Participate in Paid Research or Studies: Universities and companies often recruit families for child development studies—paying participants for short surveys or observational sessions.
4. Compete in Youth Contests: Many organizations host essay writing, coding, art, or science competitions with cash prizes.
5. Assist at Community Events: Help at charity runs, school fairs, or local festivals in return for small stipends or gift cards.
6. Work Online (With Restrictions): Platforms like Fiverr or YouTube are not suitable, but youth can assist family members with social media, graphic design, or tech support under supervision.

Each of these options fosters skill development while staying within legal boundaries.

Myths About Teen Work: What Parents Should Know

There are common misconceptions about what teens under 14 can do. Let’s debunk a few:

• Myth: All work is illegal for 13-year-olds. Truth: Permissible informal work is legal and encouraged.
• Myth: Paying cash under the table for lawn work is a violation. Truth: It’s not illegal if it’s not formal employment and falls within permissible activities.
• Myth: Homeschoolers have different work rules. Truth: Child labor laws don’t differentiate between homeschool and public/private school students.

Always rely on official government resources, not hearsay, to ensure compliance.

Preparing for Future Employment

While 13-year-olds may be limited in formal work, this age is an ideal time to prepare for future jobs:

• Develop a résumé listing volunteer work, side gigs, and skills.
• Attend free online courses on financial literacy or customer service.
• Practice interviews with parents or counselors.
• Explore summer job fairs or youth internship programs (some begin at age 14).

By building a strong foundation now, teens gain a competitive edge when they become eligible for official employment.

Conclusion: Balancing Work, School, and Growth

So, how many hours can a 13-year-old work? The answer depends on the type of work. There is no federal hour limit for informal, permissible jobs like babysitting, yard work, or helping in a family business. However, work should never interfere with school, sleep, or well-being.

While formal employment remains off-limits until age 14, motivated 13-year-olds can still earn money, develop responsibility, and gain valuable real-world experience—all within the bounds of the law. Parents should guide, support, and monitor these efforts to ensure a healthy, productive, and educational experience.

By understanding child labor laws, exploring creative opportunities, and emphasizing balance, your 13-year-old can take their first steps toward financial independence—responsibly and safely.

What are the federal labor laws for 13-year-olds in the United States?

The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), enforced by the U.S. Department of Labor, sets the federal guidelines for child employment. According to these regulations, 13-year-olds are generally not permitted to work in most non-agricultural jobs. The minimum working age for most positions is 14, so opportunities are limited for 13-year-olds under federal law. However, exceptions do exist—children of any age can work in specific roles such as acting, modeling, or delivering newspapers, as long as these jobs are not hazardous.

Additionally, children may work in family-owned businesses or perform casual work like babysitting, yard work, or pet care under parental supervision. These types of jobs are exempt from standard child labor restrictions. However, even within these exceptions, safety is a critical concern, and parents should ensure the work is appropriate for the child’s physical and emotional development. Understanding these federal exceptions helps parents explore legal options without violating child labor regulations.

Are there state-specific rules that allow 13-year-olds to work?

While federal law sets a baseline, individual states may have different regulations that could allow work opportunities for 13-year-olds under certain conditions. For example, some states permit minors as young as 12 or 13 to obtain special work permits for agricultural work or family businesses. States like New York and California generally follow federal standards but may allow participation in entertainment or artistic performances with proper permits and work hour limitations.

Parents should consult their state’s department of labor to understand local requirements, including possible work permits, restricted job types, and allowed hours. Some states provide exceptions for youth employment during school breaks or summer months. Since child labor laws can vary significantly by location, being informed about both federal and state rules ensures compliance and helps find safe, legal job opportunities for a 13-year-old.

What types of jobs can a 13-year-old legally do?

Although most traditional employment isn’t permitted for 13-year-olds, several legal job options exist. These include babysitting, tutoring younger kids, pet sitting, dog walking, yard work such as mowing lawns or raking leaves, and running errands for neighbors. These tasks are typically considered casual labor and are allowed as long as they don’t interfere with school or present safety hazards. Additionally, self-employment ventures like starting a small lemonade stand or offering tech support to family members can also be acceptable.

In the entertainment industry, 13-year-olds may work as actors, models, or performers, though they may need work permits and require adherence to regulations on working hours and on-set conditions. Some states also allow minors to participate in agricultural work on family farms. These roles not only provide income but can also teach responsibility and work ethic. Parents should assess each opportunity for safety, educational value, and time commitment to ensure it’s appropriate.

How many hours can a 13-year-old work during the school year?

Under federal law, the standard hourly restrictions for minors do not apply to 13-year-olds because they are typically under the minimum age for most employment. However, in cases where a 13-year-old engages in permitted casual or self-employed work—such as babysitting or lawn care—parental discretion is key. Parents should balance work hours with school responsibilities, extracurricular activities, and sufficient rest time.

During the school year, it’s recommended that a 13-year-old not spend more than a few hours per week on work-related tasks. The focus should remain on academics and personal development. For instance, tasks like dog walking a few times a week or weekend babysitting can be manageable. The goal is to instill a sense of work ethic while avoiding burnout or academic setbacks, ensuring that any work remains a learning experience rather than a distraction.

Can a 13-year-old work during summer vacation?

While federal law still restricts most formal employment for 13-year-olds, summer vacation offers more flexibility for casual or permitted work. Activities such as lawn care, house sitting, helping at a family business, or participating in day camps as junior counselors (if allowed by the program) are realistic options. Some states may also allow temporary agricultural jobs or special youth programs during the summer months.

Summer is an ideal time for a 13-year-old to explore work-like experiences in safe environments. Parents can encourage their child to take on more responsibilities during this period, perhaps increasing hours slightly compared to the school year, as long as it does not interfere with rest or planned family activities. These opportunities can serve as a foundation for future employment once the child reaches the age of 14 and qualifies for more formal jobs.

Do 13-year-olds need a work permit to work a job?

Most 13-year-olds do not qualify for a traditional work permit since they are below the minimum working age for standard employment. Work permits usually apply to 14- and 15-year-olds entering formal jobs like those in retail or food service. However, some states may issue special permits for agricultural work, entertainment roles, or apprenticeships for younger minors, which parents need to obtain from the state labor department.

For informal jobs like babysitting or yard work, no official work permit is required. However, if the child is involved in film, theater, or modeling, a work permit and possibly a trust account for earnings (known as a Coogan account in some states) may be necessary. Parents should research their state’s specific permit requirements, especially for non-traditional employment, to ensure both legal compliance and financial protection for the child’s earnings.

What are the benefits of allowing a 13-year-old to work limited hours?

Allowing a 13-year-old to engage in appropriate, limited work can promote valuable life skills such as responsibility, time management, and financial literacy. Tasks like babysitting or pet care teach dependability and interpersonal communication, while managing small earnings introduces budgeting and saving. These early experiences lay the groundwork for future job readiness and help children understand the value of money and hard work.

Moreover, such roles can boost confidence and independence when guided by parental oversight. Working a few hours on personal projects or helping neighbors fosters community connections and a sense of contribution. As long as the workload is balanced and safe, limited work experiences can be developmentally beneficial—preparing the child for more structured employment opportunities after they turn 14 and qualify under official labor regulations.